Where is Earth’s Water?
1. What does it mean that the Earth is a closed system, like a terrarium? __cuz it can actually move_
2. How does water the water amount from millions of years ago compare to today’s water amount? ____
___________its lesser or lower____________________________________________________________________________
3. Out of all the water on Earth, what percentage is usable by humans? ______30.1%_______________________
4. Of the water usable by humans, where is the largest percentage of that water found? ________________
___________________________________________________groundwater____________________________________
5. Complete the following diagram:
6. Of the freshwater, where is most of the water tied up? ____glaciers and ice caps__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Of the remaining freshwater, where is the largest majority of that water found? ___glaciers and ice caps________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8. What percentage of freshwater is found as surface water? _________1.2%__________________________
9. Compare the amount of freshwater to the amount of saltwater in cubic kilometers: _______________
_______________________96.5-68.7_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
How Much Water Is There?
1. How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by water? ____96.5___________________________________
2. Besides the ocean, where else does water exist? _________________lakes ponds rivers lakes___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Where does most of the water people and other life on Earth come from? ___surface water____________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Compare the amount of groundwater to surface water: _____30.1-1.2_________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What term is used for the storage place of groundwater? _____ground or aquifer_______________________________
6. How is groundwater recharged? _______________it rains_________________________________________
7. How does groundwater recharge rivers? _______________it gives it nutrients n takes particles__________________________________
8. In 2005, how much surface water did the United States use? _________________________________
9. In the same time period, how much groundwater did people use? ______________________________
The Water Cycle
What is another term used for the water cycle? ______________________________________
Atmosphere
1. Which two processes changes liquid water into vapor which then rises into the atmosphere?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Which process produces the majority of the vapor in the atmosphere? ______3.0______________
3. What percentage of vapor does transpiration add to the atmosphere? ______0.26______________
4. If all the water in the atmosphere rained down and covered the Earth, how deep would it be?
_____________very deep but it may not seep in the ground_______________________________________________________________
Condensation
1. Define condensation: _______water that collects a dropplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact withit____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Why is condensation an important part of the water cycle? _____because it is fresh water n it is good for plant life________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Besides clouds, what else can happen due to condensation? ______frost or fog plants could get to cold n die _____________________
Evaporation
1. Define evaporation: _____________water gets to a cdertain temp n turns to vapor_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Where does most of the evaporated water come from? ___oceans lakes seas ponds surface water_____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What is necessary in order for evaporation to occur? _______condensation___________________________
4. What percentage of the water evaporated from the ocean is transported over land and falls as precipitation? ________________69.0_________________________________________________
5. How long does an evaporated water molecule stay in the air? _____for days_____________________
Evapotranspiration
1. According to this website, define evapotranspiration: (beneath the diagram) _______________
________________________the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Define transpiration: ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________ process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers. Leaf surfaces are dotted with pores called stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage._______________________________________________
3. How much water in the atmosphere is due to transpiration: ________allot_____________________
4. How does a plant transpire? ______________give off water through the stamata_______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. How much can an oak tree transpire during one day? ________40,000 gallons_________________________
Freshwater Storage
1. What bodies of water does surface water include: _________lakes seas ponds rivers___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What processes are included in “inflows” to surface water? ___rivers __________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What processes are included in “outflows” of surface water? ________streams____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Groundwater Discharge
1. Describe why groundwater is an important part of the water cycle: _because it makes the ground nutrient______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Where is the majority of groundwater found? _______rivers lakes pond oceans_________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. When are aquifers formed? ________when water seeps through the ground ______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain how water becomes part of the groundwater: ___it seeps throught the ground and drops off particles______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. What percentage of freshwater is groundwater? _______30.1_____________________________
Groundwater Storage
1. Where does most of the water in groundwater come from? _______rain runoff______________________
2. Describe the difference between the saturated zone and the unsaturated zone: _____________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________ a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds and has hydrogen atoms filling all of the other bonding orbitals of the carbon atoms_________________________________________________
3. What is the water table? _________is shows where is earthj water how it is used and how much of it_______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. To what level would you have to dig to find water? ___________________________________
_____________not to far into the ground but about 12 feet deep_______________________________________________________________
4. Label the diagram below:
Ice, Snow, and Glaciers
1. What is meat by storage, in relation to the water cycle? ________its stores the water while its clean_______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Where is the 90% of Earth’s ice mass found? ______in the middle__________________________________
3. Where is the rest of it found? ____________on the outside________________________________________
4. What majority of freshwater is held in ice caps and glaciers? _______68.7____________________
Infiltration
1. What is happening to water during infiltration? __________remains in soil_____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What happens to water that infiltrates the shallow soil layer? ______gradually moves vertically n horizontaly through soil______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_ ___________________________________________________________________________
3. What happens to the water that infiltrates deeper? _____is just sits at the bottom _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the greatest factor affecting infiltration? _______precipitation_______________________________
5. What happens to rain, once the soil is saturated? ________it either seeps n a little or it jut sits on the surface____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Oceans
1. What percentage of water is found in the ocean? __________98.7__________________________
2. What percentage of evaporated water comes from the ocean? ________________2.5_________
Precipitation
1. What forms of water can precipitation take? ____________condensation salt water n freshwater_____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How does most precipitation fall? ____________it rains_____________________________________
3. What has to happen before water can fall as precipitation? ______evaporation condensation_______________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. How do water droplets grow? ________________the pile up of humidity and condesation____________________________________
5. Draw how raindrops actually look up to 3 mm:
Snowmelt Runoff
1. In what type of climates does snowmelt runoff play a significant role in streamflow? _________
________________high temps of heat____________________________________________________________
2. What percentage of freshwater in the western states comes from snowmelt runoff? _________
___________idk watevers on the snowcaps or mountains________________________________________________________________
Springs
1. What are springs a result of? _______runoff streams_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Streamflow
1. How does USGS define streamflow? ________depth of drainage______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a stream? __________________run off of a body of rivers___________________________________________
3. Why do rivers exist? ___________rain build up________________________________________________
4. Where does water generally seek to flow? ______rivers lakes ponds____________________________________
5. What percentage of freshwater is found in rivers? _______________0.49_____________________
Sublimation
1. What is sublimation? ___________________________________________________________
______________________________ mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is sublimation, in relation to the water cycle? ______it keeps control of water______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. When does sublimation occur? _______________certain times n certain amounts of water____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Where on Earth does sublimation happen a lot? __________citys___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. What is a Chinook Wind and where do they occur? _________forsest_________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Surface Runoff
1. What is surface runoff? _________water that came from the surface________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. When does runoff occur? ______when a body of water cant drain or hold anymore water_________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Place the letter from the diagram above in the space provided next to its associated term in the lists below:
[ I] Condensation [H ] Evaporation
[K ] Evapotranspiration [ P] Freshwater storage
[E] Groundwater discharge [ F] Groundwater storage
[ D] Infiltration [B ] Precipitation
[ C] Snowmelt runoff to streams [ O] Spring
[N ] Streamflow [ L] Sublimation
[ Q] Surface runoff [ J] Water storage in the atmosphere
[ A] Water storage in ice and snow [G ] Water storage in oceans
[M ] Desublimation [ R] Plant uptake
water notes:
solute: substance dissolved in a solvent or solution
solvent: fluid substance that dissolves solutes
cohesion=water attracted to other water molecules because of polar properties
adhesion=water attracted to other materials
surface tension=water is pulled together creating the smallest surface area possible
salinity=total amount of solid material dissolved in water
decrease seawater salinity-precipitation runoff icebergs melting sea ice melting
increases saltwater salinity-evaporation sea ice forming
High latitudes have low surface salinity
High precipitation and runoff
Low evaporation
Tropics have high surface salinity
High evaporation
Low precipitation
Equator has a dip in surface salinity
High precipitation partially offsets high evaporation
Vegetation
Vegetation allows for loose soil
Loose soil allows water to enter ground
) Rate of precipitation
Heavy:
soil clumps together closing pores
Fills up ground to quickly and water becomes runoff
Light:
allows water to gently slide through
Less erosion
Gardeners do not pack their soil
) Soil Composition
Effects the waters holding capacity
Decayed organic matter (humus)
Creates the pores in soil – Increases retain ability
Minerals
Clay – fine mineral which clump together
Few Spaces
Sand – large pores
Slopes
Steep: allows for high runoff & little absorption
Little: low runoff and high absorption
Water sheds: drainage basin
Land where all water drains into
Divide High land area that separates watersheds
Solution Material that has been dissolved
Depends on area where the steam runs through
Erosion of rocks and dirt
Suspension Small particles held up by the turbulence of stream
Clay, silt, sand
Depends on volume and velocity of water
Bed Load Turbulence of water pushes heavy things
Pebbles and cobbles Larger velocity – large objects
B/c of abrasion, rocks are smooth
Groundwater
zone of saturation: is the ares where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock
groundwater: is the water within this zone
water table: is the upper level of the saturation zone of groundwater
groundwater moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings
porosity: the percentage of pore spaces determines how much groundwater can be stored
permeability: ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces
aquifers: are permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely
spring forms whenever the water table intersects the ground surface
hot springs water is 6-9C warmer than the mean air temp of the locality
geysers intermittent hot springs water turns to steam and erupts
well: is a hole bored into the zone of saturation
artesian well is any formation in which groundwater rises on its own under pressure
cavern: is a naturally formed underground chamber
travertine: is a form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave deposit
sinkholes surface depressions sinkholes form when bedrock dissolves and caverns collapse
What is a Watershed Webquest?
Access the following link and answer the questions:
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watershed.html
1. What is a watershed? Area of land where all of the water that falls in and drains off it goes to a common outlet.
2. Watersheds can vary in size. True/False True.
3. What type of watershed is shown in the map? Watershed boundaries.
4. The word watershed is sometimes used interchangeably with drainage basin or catchment.
5. Ridges and hills that separate two watersheds are called the drainage divide.
6. What does watershed consist of? Surface water lakes streams reservoirs and wetlands and all underlying ground water
7. Larger watersheds contain many smaller watersheds. It all depends on the outflow point.
8. What is the outflow point? Watershed for the outflow location.
9. Why are watersheds important? Streamflow and the water quality of a river are affected by things happening on land area above the river outflow point.
________________________________________
A Watershed is a precipitation collector:
1. Name 6 factors that determine how much of the streamflow will flow by the monitoring site?
Imagine that the whole basin is covered with a big plastic sheet, then if it rained one inch all of the rain would fall on the plastic run downslope into gulleys ignoring evaporation and any other losses.
2. What is the greatest factor controlling streamflow? Amount of precipitation that falls in the watershed as rain or snow.
3. The amount of water that will infiltrate (soak in over time) depends on which four characteristics? Soil characteristics, soil saturation, land cover, slope of the land.
4. Water from rainfall returns to the atmosphere largely through evaporation..
5. The root systems of plants absorb water from the surrounding soil in various amounts through the process of transpiration.
6. Reservoirs store water and increase the amount of water that evaporates and infiltrates.
River Basins of N.C.:
http://wwweenorthcarolina.org/riverbasins-interactive.html
Choose one of the NC. River Basins and list out 10 facts about the one you investigate. Also include one picture that best represents a main feature of the River Basin.
Cape fear river basin:
1. Largest river basin in the state.
2. Starts in north central piedmont region near Greensboro and high point and ends on the coast.
3. There are 9,324 miles in the basin or 16.5% of the total land area.
4. Contains the largest number of streams.
5. Contains all or part of 27 countries.
6. About 30% of the river basins are considered threatened and 18% are impaired by pollution.
7. Approximately 27% of the basins estuarine waters are use impaired.
8. There has been an increases in the number of shellfish bed closures because of pollution caused primarily by urban development.
9. North Carolina state university researchers are conducting 15 water quality related projects or programs within cape fear river basin.
10. North Carolina state university researchers are conducting 17 regional projects that are directly applicable to this river basin.
Access the following link and answer the questions:
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watershed.html
1. What is a watershed? Area of land where all of the water that falls in and drains off it goes to a common outlet.
2. Watersheds can vary in size. True/False True.
3. What type of watershed is shown in the map? Watershed boundaries.
4. The word watershed is sometimes used interchangeably with drainage basin or catchment.
5. Ridges and hills that separate two watersheds are called the drainage divide.
6. What does watershed consist of? Surface water lakes streams reservoirs and wetlands and all underlying ground water
7. Larger watersheds contain many smaller watersheds. It all depends on the outflow point.
8. What is the outflow point? Watershed for the outflow location.
9. Why are watersheds important? Streamflow and the water quality of a river are affected by things happening on land area above the river outflow point.
________________________________________
A Watershed is a precipitation collector:
1. Name 6 factors that determine how much of the streamflow will flow by the monitoring site?
Imagine that the whole basin is covered with a big plastic sheet, then if it rained one inch all of the rain would fall on the plastic run downslope into gulleys ignoring evaporation and any other losses.
2. What is the greatest factor controlling streamflow? Amount of precipitation that falls in the watershed as rain or snow.
3. The amount of water that will infiltrate (soak in over time) depends on which four characteristics? Soil characteristics, soil saturation, land cover, slope of the land.
4. Water from rainfall returns to the atmosphere largely through evaporation..
5. The root systems of plants absorb water from the surrounding soil in various amounts through the process of transpiration.
6. Reservoirs store water and increase the amount of water that evaporates and infiltrates.
River Basins of N.C.:
http://wwweenorthcarolina.org/riverbasins-interactive.html
Choose one of the NC. River Basins and list out 10 facts about the one you investigate. Also include one picture that best represents a main feature of the River Basin.
Cape fear river basin:
1. Largest river basin in the state.
2. Starts in north central piedmont region near Greensboro and high point and ends on the coast.
3. There are 9,324 miles in the basin or 16.5% of the total land area.
4. Contains the largest number of streams.
5. Contains all or part of 27 countries.
6. About 30% of the river basins are considered threatened and 18% are impaired by pollution.
7. Approximately 27% of the basins estuarine waters are use impaired.
8. There has been an increases in the number of shellfish bed closures because of pollution caused primarily by urban development.
9. North Carolina state university researchers are conducting 15 water quality related projects or programs within cape fear river basin.
10. North Carolina state university researchers are conducting 17 regional projects that are directly applicable to this river basin.